汉语是一门博大精深的语言，如今，汉语以其独特的魅力吸引了不少外国人前来学习。汉语又是一门比较难学习的语言，所以对于初来中国学习语言的留学生来说难免会遇到各种问题。

Chinese is a profound language. Nowadays, Chinese has attracted many foreigners to learn it with its unique charm. Chinese is also a difficult language to learn, so it is inevitable for foreign students who come to China to learn the language to encounter various problems.

其汉语难点主要表现在音节和书写上，这些问题如果不能得到很好解决，很容易影响他们的学习效率，挫伤他们学习汉语的积极性。 

Their difficulties in learning Chinese mainly lie in syllables and writing. If these problems are not well resolved, it will easily affect their learning efficiency and dampen their enthusiasm for learning Chinese.

如何学习音节 

How to Learn Syllables

音节是语音中最小的结构单位，也是人们可以自然地察觉到的最小的语音单位。汉语普通话中，一般一个汉字的读音就是一个音节。例如“小朋友”写下来是三个汉字，读起来就是三个音节“xiǎo péng yǒu”。汉语的音节一般包括声母、韵母和声调三部分。

A syllable is the smallest structural unit of speech, and it is also the smallest unit of speech that people can naturally perceive. In Mandarin Chinese, the pronunciation of a Chinese character is generally a syllable. For example, 小朋友 is written as three Chinese characters, and read as three syllables xiǎo péng yǒu. A Chinese syllable generally consists of three parts: initial consonant, final vowel and tone.

（一）根据音节组成部分的不同，常用音节一般分为以下四大类：

（1）Based on the different components of syllables, commonly used syllables are generally divided into the following four categories:

1、两拼音节 是由声母和韵母组成的音节，如：爸bà、手shǒu。

1. A two-syllable syllable is a syllable composed of an initial consonant and a final vowel, such as: 爸爸bà, 手shǒu.

2、三拼音节 是由声母、介母和韵母共同组成的音节，如光guāng、泉quán等。

2. A three-character syllable is a syllable composed of an initial consonant, a medial vowel and a final, such as 光guāng, 泉quán, etc.

3、整体认读音节 是把音节做为一个整体来记，不用拼读，就是一口气就能读出的音节。整体认读音节是一个不可分的整体，可以直接带调给汉字注音。如：只zhǐ、四sì、五wǔ。

3. Reading syllables as a whole is to remember the syllables as a whole, without spelling, that is, the syllables that can be read in one breath. Reading syllables as a whole is an indivisible whole, and can be directly pronounced with tones. For example: 只zhǐ、四sì、五wǔ.

4、自成音节 有的音节没有声母，而由韵母独立作为音节直接给汉字注音，这种音节就叫自成音节。在小学汉语拼音里，韵母中只有以ɑ、o、e开头的韵母可以前面不写声母而独立自成音节，如阿ā、爱ài、袄ǎo、安ān、哦ò、欧ōu、鹅é等。

4. Self-constituted syllables Some syllables have no initial consonants, but the finals are used as independent syllables to directly annotate Chinese characters. This kind of syllable is called a self-constituted syllable. In elementary school Chinese Pinyin, only the finals starting with ɑ, o, and e can be independent syllables without initial consonants, such as 阿ā, 爱ài, 敖ǎo, 安ān, 哦ò, 欧ōu, ｅé, etc.

ɑ、o、e开头的音节连接在其他音节后面的时候，如果音节的界限发生混淆，用隔音符号( ’)隔开，例如“pi’ǎo皮袄”，如果不用隔音符号隔开就会与“piǎo瞟”混淆。

When syllables beginning with ɑ, o, or e are connected to other syllables, if the boundaries of the syllables are confused, they are separated by a sound-isolating mark ('), for example, pi'ǎo皮褂. If no sound-isolating mark is used, it will be confused with piǎo瞟.

需要特别说明的是，如果组合出普通话里还没有汉字的音节，也鼓励学生用正确方法拼读，比如“do、so”是音乐里“1、5”的发音，“ruɑ”是四川方言的发音，为孩子学习其他语言打下良好的基础。

It should be noted that if syllables are combined that do not yet have Chinese characters in Mandarin, students are encouraged to spell them in the correct way. For example, do, so are the pronunciations of 1, 5 in music, and ruɑ is the pronunciation in Sichuan dialect. This lays a good foundation for children to learn other languages.

下面这首琅琅上口的《音节歌》是不是好听又好玩啊？一下子就记住了不同的音节了啊！

Isn’t the following catchy “Syllable Song” nice and fun to listen to? It helps you remember different syllables in no time!

b-ɑ p-ɑ 两拼音；g-u-ɑ　k-u-ɑ 三拼音；

b-ɑ p-ɑ two pinyins; gu-ɑ ku-ɑ three pinyins;

zhi　chi　shi　ri 整体认读不用拼；

Zhi chi shi ri can be read as a whole without spelling;

ɑ　o　e 开头可以自成音；

ɑ o e can form its own sound at the beginning;

还有一个韵母er，没有声母和它拼。

There is also a final vowel “er”, which has no initial consonant to spell with it.

而音序是用音节查字法查字典要用的，每一个音节开头第一个字母在26个字母中的顺序，比如guǎng是一个音节，而我们要查广字字义的时候，用音节查字法，按第一个字母G（ABCDEFG，排第7个）为音序去找guang。

The phonetic sequence is used when looking up words in a dictionary using the syllable-based dictionary lookup method. The first letter of each syllable is in the order of the 26 letters. For example, guǎng is a syllable, and when we want to look up the meaning of the word 广, we use the syllable-based dictionary lookup method and use the first letter G (ABCDEFG, the 7th) as the phonetic sequence to find guang.

如何正确书写汉字 

How to write Chinese characters correctly

汉字不同于其他语言，其文化，来源以及书写都有着自身的特点，作为一种表意文字，汉字的构字具有一定的规律性。在汉语书写学习中，我们可以按笔画、部件、整字三个层次，从笔画、笔顺、部件和间架结构四个方面来逐步学习。

Chinese characters are different from other languages. Their culture, origin and writing have their own characteristics. As a kind of ideographic language, Chinese characters have certain regularity in their composition. In learning Chinese writing, we can learn from the four aspects of strokes, stroke order, components and structure step by step according to the three levels of strokes, components and whole characters.

1．笔画：是现代汉字形体的最小单位，是学习书写的基础。要求：掌握汉字的基本笔画。要求能说出名称，能书写。

1. Stroke: It is the smallest unit of modern Chinese characters and the basis for learning to write. Requirements: Master the basic strokes of Chinese characters. Requirements: Be able to name and write.

2．笔顺：是指汉字笔画的走向，书写规则。正确的笔顺不仅是书写汉字的基本修养，而且按固定的笔顺书写的字，更有利于记忆，书写速度更快。

2. Stroke order: refers to the direction of the strokes of Chinese characters and the writing rules. The correct stroke order is not only the basic accomplishment of writing Chinese characters, but also the characters written according to the fixed stroke order are easier to remember and write faster.

3．部件：是指由笔画组成的具有组配汉字功能的构字单位。构成一个汉字的偏旁、部首、独体字都是部件。由于构成常用汉字的部件有较高的称谓性，有利于识记汉字，当外国学生了解了一些偏旁部首的含义后，就能根据字形去理解一些相同偏旁部首的字，是认读和书写的关键。也是对外汉语教学中学习汉字的重点。

3. Components: refers to the units of Chinese characters composed of strokes that have the function of assembling Chinese characters. The radicals, components, and independent characters that make up a Chinese character are all components. Since the components that make up commonly used Chinese characters have a high degree of appellation, they are conducive to memorizing Chinese characters. When foreign students understand the meaning of some radicals, they can understand some characters with the same radicals based on the shape of the characters. This is the key to reading and writing. It is also the focus of learning Chinese characters in teaching Chinese as a foreign language.

4、间架结构：是指汉字的结构方式，部件的摆布方式及组合的规律。大多数字往往围绕一个构字部件，与其它部件进行不同的排列组合，从而形成意思相关的一写字。国际汉语教师在进行教学中一定要注意遵循汉字的构形原理，例如上下结构、左右结构，各种包围结构等。

4. Inter-frame structure: refers to the structure of Chinese characters, the arrangement of components and the rules of combination. Most characters often revolve around a component, which is arranged and combined with other components in different ways to form a word with related meanings. International Chinese teachers must pay attention to following the formation principles of Chinese characters when teaching, such as upper and lower structures, left and right structures, and various surrounding structures.